Today, arthritis and its related conditions affect about one in every three Americans, and is the leading cause of disability in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).  Rheumatoid arthritis, in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages healthy joint tissue, affects more than 2.1 million Americans, roughly three-fourths of who are women.  In addition, osteoarthritis, in which the cartilage in the joints of the hands, hips, knees or spine deteriorates from normal use, affects most people over 60.

Celebrex, the brand name of the generic drug celecoxib, was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on December 31, 1998, for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and, on December 23, 1999, as a drug treatment aimed at reducing the number of intestinal polyps in patients with a rare genetic disorder called familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), an inherited disorder that, if left untreated, always develops into colon cancer.  Celebrex is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), and is in a class of drugs commonly referred to as "Cox-2 inhibitors."

Although steroids are considered safe for brief use to reduce inflammation, when taken for longer periods, they can cause serious side effects like weight gain, fluid retention often visible in the face, sudden mood swings, muscle weakness, blurry vision, increased body hair, osteoporosis (bone weakening), high blood pressure, stomach irritation, and/or glaucoma.  Consequently, NSAIDs are preferred for the reduction of inflammation if steroids can be avoided.

Celebrex works by preventing the formation of "inflammatory" prostaglandins. These compounds are produced by the enzyme "cyclooxygenase 2," commonly referred to as "Cox-2," and are believed to cause pain and inflammation, as well as prevent blood cells from sticking together.  Unlike other NSAIDs, Celebrex does not also block a second enzyme, commonly called "Cox-1," which monitors and maintains stomach tissue.  Since this enzyme protects the stomach lining, Celebrex has been promoted as being able to reduce pain and inflammation without also causing ulcers and gastrointestinal bleeding.

Health Concerns Regarding Celebrex

Since its FDA approval, health concerns have been raised regarding the use of Celebrex.  In April 1999, for instance, the Wall Street Journal reported that the manufacturer of Celebrex (Pharmacia, later acquired by Pfizer) had recently submitted adverse events reports (AER) to the FDA, linking 10 deaths and 11 cases of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding to the use of Celebrex.  This resulted in a rapid decrease in Celebrex sales.

However, further research led to another article that admitted several doctors who evaluated the AERs on Celebrex could find no evidence to suggest that the drug was solely responsible for the deaths. In fact, according to the FDA-approved label, among the population of people taking Celebrex, some deaths and ulcers were to be expected; a total of ten deaths was lower than anticipated, according to some doctors.  One doctor cited in the article suggested that for 2 million people taking older NSAIDs for 3 months, 821 bleeding ulcers and 123 deaths would have been expected.  In addition, more information about the histories of the victims was released.  Of the ten deaths, it was reported that eight of the individuals had prior histories of heart, liver, or gastrointestinal problems. 

These explanations resulted in restored faith in the safety of Celebrex, and sales began to climb again.  But at about the same time, the FDA had started receiving reports regarding patients taking Celebrex with warfarin, a blood thinner used to reduce blood clots that is important in the prevention of heart attacks, strokes, and blockage of major veins and arteries.

The FDA had learned of cases in which patients taking Celebrex and the drug Coumadin (generic name warfarin) concurrently experienced "bleeding events," and thus required Pharmacia to include warnings in its promotional materials of this risk, and advise healthcare professionals and patients to monitor anitcoagulent activity in patients taking the two medications concomitantly.

In May 1999, the FDA announced a labeling change relative to Celebrex.  The labeling change instituted by Pharmacia reported that patients on warfarin were at an increased risk of  "bleeding complications," such that caution should be used in prescribing Celebrex to them.  This labeling change was not satisfactory to the FDA, however, and on February 1, 2002, the FDA sent Pharmacia a "Warning Letter," requiring the manufacturer to cease certain promotional activities that minimized the risk of excessive bleeding when Celebrex was taken concomitantly with warfarin. 

Additionally, an article published in the August 2001 Journal of the American Medical Association