• vomiting
• stomach irritation
• dizziness
• drowsiness
• convulsions
• rapid or irregular heartbeat

Benzene is also an eye, skin, and respiratory tract irritant.

Long-term (chronic) exposure to benzene may cause blood disorders, leukemia, or have negative effects on the female reproductive system. Blood disorders that result from long-term benzene exposure may affect bone marrow (the tissues that produce blood cells), which can lead to anemia. Long-term exposure may also cause excessive bleeding, as well as damage to the immune system due to changes in the levels of antibodies and the loss of white blood cells.

Long-term exposure to high levels of benzene in the air can cause leukemia, particularly Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML).

Occupational studies suggest that exposure to high levels of benzene can impair fertility in women. Women who breathe high levels of benzene over a period of many months may experience irregular menstrual periods or a decrease in ovary size. The effects on a developing fetus or on the fertility of men are unknown.

While it is still unknown if children are more susceptible to benzene poisoning than adults, they can exhibit the same symptoms identified above if exposed to benzene.

Reducing the Risk of Exposure to Benzene

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recommends controlling exposure to benzene by limiting evaporation and preventing splashes and spills. Preferred controls in industries that make or use benzene include the use of hoods, canopies, and proper ventilation coordinated with the use of personal protective equipment. If these engineering controls are not feasible, then the use of respirators and similar personal protective equipment is recommended.

For individuals not working in industries that make or use benzene, exposure can be reduced by limiting contact with gasoline and cigarette smoke. Families are encouraged not to smoke in their house, in enclosed environments, or near their children.